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Aurelius Valerius Valens (died 317) was Roman Emperor from late 316 to March 1, 317. Valens had previously been ''dux limitis''〔A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale, J. Morris, ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', Cambridge University Press, 1971, p.1119〕 (duke of the frontier) in Dacia. In the first civil war between Licinius and Constantine I, the latter won an overwhelming victory at the battle of Cibalae on October 8, 316〔For the consensus on the new dating of the battle of Cibalae in 316, see D.S. Potter 2004, p.378, C. Odahl 2004, p.164. Also see W. Treadgold, ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', Stanford University Press 1997, p.34, A.S. Christensen, L. Baerentzen, ''Lactantius the Historian'', Museum Tusculanum Press, 1980, p.23〕 (some historians date it in 314).〔See, for instance, A.H.M. Jones 1949, p.127 and Ramsay MacMullen, ''Constantine'', Routledge, 1987, p.67〕 Licinius fled to Adrianople where, with the help of Valens, gathered a second army. There, early in December 316, he elevated Valens to the rank of Augustus, presumably in order to secure his loyalty.〔A.H.M. Jones 1949, p.127〕 Much later, Licinius would use the same trick (with just as little success) in the second civil war with Constantine, by appointing Martinianus co-emperor. Despite the literary sources〔Zosimus and the anonymous author of ''Origo Constantin''i, see Odahl 2004, note 9 on p.342〕 referring to Valens as a junior emperor (Caesar), the numismatic evidence indicates his Augustan rank.〔Samuel N. C. Lieu, D. Montserrat 1996, p.57〕 After Licinius's indecisive defeat at Campus Ardiensis in later 316 / early 317, Constantine was still in the dominant position from which he was able to force Licinius to recognize him as the senior emperor, depose Valens and appoint their sons as Caesars.〔Odahl 2004, p.165〕 According to Petrus Patricius, he explicitly expressed his anger from the elevation of Valens by saying the following to the envoy of Mestrianus:〔Petrus Patricius, ''Excerpta de legationibus ad gentes'' at N.C. Lieu, D. Montserrat, 1996 p.58〕
The peace treaty was finalized at Serdica on 1 March, 317.〔D.S. Potter 2004, p.378〕 Whether it was part of the agreement is unknown, but Licinius also had Valens executed. == Citations == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Valerius Valens」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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